This project gives new relevance to the study of the ways in which 'social citizenship' is created - in the sense given by Alain Supiot (2015) of solidarity based on work and access to social protection - by proposing a long-term analysis of the working and employment conditions of Moroccan colonial and post-colonial workers, from the 1910s to the present day. While in Western industrial societies wage employment and its various stages are considered to be the best route to 'social citizenship', the counterpart of civil and political citizenship (Marshall, 1950; Castel, 2008), it has to be said that many workers, mainly foreign, have been excluded or partially excluded (Noiriel, 1988), in the image of colonial workers operating in empires (Stanziani, 2020). Symmetrically, in formerly colonised countries that have become independent, the generalisation of a social protection system based on a Fordist wage society has not been achieved and is no longer on the agenda, if it ever was. Using the Moroccan case as a starting point, this project proposes to explore the forms of 'social citizenship' that are constructed in historical, economic and social contexts that have been disrupted by the 'colonial situation' (Balandier, 1951) and in which the process of socialisation of production through work, marked by the 'colonial legacy' (Bayart, Bertrand, 2006), has little or nothing to do with the wage relationship. In Morocco, as in all middle-income and poor economies, we observe the co-presence of a wide variety of economic solidarity mechanisms through the high degree of segmentation of the labour markets, the weak hold of contributory social protection and the insurance model, and the use of a variety of public and private assistance schemes (Longuenesse, Catusse, Destremeau, 2005; Benarrosh, 2019; Belkheiri, Benarrosh, 2015). This translates into a plurality of ways of linking work, social protection and access to rights, which calls into question the usual understandings of 'social citizenship' forged on the basis of Western capitalism and the fiction of a universal welfare state (Castel, 1995), particularly when the social sciences mobilise a long-term perspective likely to include the colonial past (Bargaoui, Cerutti, Grangaud, 2015; Bargaoui, Grangaud, Nôus, 2020). The issue of the 'colonial legacy' (which goes well beyond the issue of memory) makes it possible to understand the complex nature of contemporary political, economic and social governance in the former colonised countries, by paying attention to the intertwining of elements of continuity and discontinuity, dependence and autonomy, generality and contingency, etc. These issues require us to consider the persistence of the colonial state, its appropriation by local elites, the revival of old social practices and the crystallisation of specific identities during the colonial period (Bayart, Bertrand, 2005). But the complexity goes even further today, since the contemporary governance of globalisation (from structural adjustment policies to multiple development aid policies) also stems, in certain respects, from the colonial period and its episteme (weak state, confusion between general and private interest, delegation and concessionary management, etc.) (Bayart, Ellis, Hibou, 1997). It is embodied in norms, institutions and mechanisms (Hajjiat, 2014) and also helps to rethink categories such as 'solidarity', 'social rights' and 'citizenship' (Bhambra, Holmwood, 2021). The choice of Morocco and Moroccan workers as the field of study for this project seems to us to be relevant because it reflects the historical and current tensions between the construction of the 'national' social pact, the presence of local solidarity regimes and the globalisation of social regulation standards and mechanisms, these logics being at work in the making of social integration modalities through work that are often unequal, asymmetrical and above all irreducible to the wage model (Baár, vant Trigt, 2020). In addition, the Franco-Moroccan team of researchers involved in this project, by virtue of its previous research, is in a position to mobilise a whole range of knowledge, ideas and fields likely to respond to the methodological and epistemological challenges posed by this issue. From a sociohistorical and multiscalar perspective (embracing different spaces and temporalities), the aim will be to understand what rights and conditions of access to rights exist for : i) colonial workers (recruited in Morocco under the aegis of the French Protectorate as well as in metropolitan France as part of the mobilisation of the First and Second World Wars); ii) post-colonial migrant workers (recruited during the Trente Glorieuses in France in several branches); iii) workers in contemporary Morocco from independence to the present day. The aim is to produce an analysis of the plural regimes of 'social citizenship', to explain the mechanisms by which they operate and also to identify the transformations to which they have been subjected, at the intersection of colonial and metropolitan spaces, national and globalised spaces, past and present.